Cancer Cell Therapy Markets
Traditionally, treatment of disease is carried out by small molecules that target specific cell types. In diseases such as cancer, the treatment is meant to kill cancer cells, leading to the removal or at least the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.
In other circumstances, a variety of therapeutic molecules have been utilized lead the disease cells to perform a specific function that they normally do not. These include small molecules, peptides, proteins, antibodies, anti-sense RNAs and ribozymes.
In the case of cell therapy, as the name indicates, treatment is carried out with cells instead of small molecules. In cell therapy, cells are given to the patient as the therapeutic delivery system for a specific disease to achieve therapeutic benefit.
The purpose of this report is to describe the cell therapy market. A review of cellular agents is provided.
Table of Contents
- 1.Overview6
- 1.1About this Report6
- 1.2Scope of the Report7
- 1.3Objectives7
- 1.4Methodology7
- 1.5Executive Summary8
- 2.Biology of Cellular Therapy for Cancer: Different Cell Types Deployed and Disease Areas Addressed11
- 2.1Components of the Hematopoietic System that can be Leveraged for Cancer Cellular Therapy11
- 2.1.1Dendritic Cells11
- 2.1.2Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)12
- 2.1.3Natural Killer (NK) Cells13
- 2.1.4Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) also known as Lymphokine-activated Killers (LAKs)15
- 2.1.5Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)16
- 2.2Adult Stem Cell-based Therapies (ASCs)18
- 2.3Stem Cell-based Cellular Therapies21
- 2.3.1Effectiveness in Transplants of Peripheral Versus Bone Marrow Stem Cells22
- 2.3.2What do HSCs do and what Factors are Involved in these Activities?22
- 2.3.3Self-renewal of HSCs22
- 2.3.4Differentiation of HSCs into Components of the Blood and Immune System23
- 2.3.5Migration of HSCs Into and Out of Marrow and Tissues23
- 2.3.6Apoptosis and Regulation of HSC Populations23
- 2.4Clinical Uses of HSC24
- 2.4.1Leukemia and Lymphoma24
- 2.4.2Inherited Blood Disorders24
- 2.4.3HSC Rescue in Cancer Chemotherapy25
- 2.4.4Graft-Versus-Tumor Treatment of Cancer25
- 2.4.5Other Clinical Applications of HSCs25
- 2.5What are the Challenges and Barriers to the Development of New and Improved Treatments Using HSCs?26
- 2.5.1Boosting the Numbers of HSCs26
- 2.5.2The Immune System in Host, Graft and Pathogen Attacks26
- 2.5.3Understanding the Differentiating Environment and Developmental Plasticity27
- 2.6Cancer Stem Cells27
- 2.6.1The Microenvironment28
- 2.6.23-D Cultures and Spheres29
- 2.6.3Targeted Therapies29
- 2.7Cellular Immunotherapy with DCs in Cancer29
- 2.7.1Routes of DC Delivery31
- 2.7.1.1Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccines and DC Therapy32
- 2.7.1.2The Use of DCs for Cancer Vaccination35
- 2.7.2Immune Response to Vaccination39
- 2.7.3Clinical Studies with DCs41
- 2.7.4Future of DC Therapy for Cancer42
- 2.7.1Routes of DC Delivery31
- 2.8Tumor Immunotherapy Using DCs Pulsed with Tumor-derived Peptides43
- 2.9Recent Advances on the Use of Stem Cells in Cancer Therapies44
- 2.10Growth Factor Signaling Inhibitors45
- 2.10.1EGFR Family Member Inhibitors45
- 2.10.2Hedgehog, Wnt/ß-Catenin and Notch Signaling Inhibitors45
- 2.10.3Combination Therapies46
- 2.10.4High-dose Cancer Therapy Plus HSCs47
- 2.11Cancer/Testis Antigens (CTAs): A Novel Cancer Marker?48
- 2.12Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Post-Bone Marrow Transplantation for Hemato-Oncological Diseases50
- 2.12.1Methods for Detection of MRD50
- 2.12.1.1Nonmolecular Methods50
- 2.12.1.2Immunophenotyping51
- 2.12.1.3Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)51
- 2.12.1.4Southern Blotting for Detection of Clonal Genetic Markers51
- 2.12.1.5PCR for Detection of Clonal Genetic Markers52
- 2.12.1.6PCR of Minisatellite (VNTR) Sequences52
- 2.12.1.7PCR of Microsatellite Sequences52
- 2.12.1.8Y Chromosome-specific PCR52
- 2.12.1.9PCR-Amelogenin: Improved Single-step PCR Assay for Gender Identification53
- 2.12.1.10 Quantitative PCR53
- 2.12.1.11 Two-color Fluorescence In situ Hybridization (FISH): BCR/ABL Fusion Gene Detection53
- 2.12.1.12 FISH in Sex-Mismatch Transplantation54
- 2.12.1Methods for Detection of MRD50
- 2.13Clinical Implications of Minimal Residual Disease54
- 2.13.1Upfront Transplantation Decision Based on MRD Findings54
- 2.13.2Prediction of Relapse Post-BMT55
- 2.13.3Adoptive Immunotherapy for CML Patients Relapsing after BMT55
- 2.13.4Mixed Allogeneic Chimerism as an Approach to Transplantation Tolerance56
- 2.13.5BMT in Thalassemia and SAA and Detection of MRD56
- 2.13.6Organ Transplantation57
- 2.14Genetic Engineering of Tumor Cells57
- 2.14.1Hybridoma Process57
- 2.14.2Hollow-fiber Perfusion58
- 2.14.3Heat Shock Protein Technology58
- 2.14.4Stem Cells Used as Platforms in Anticancer Therapies59
- 2.14.5Stem Cell Transplantation in Cancer61
- 2.14.6Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation63
- 2.14.7Cellular Immunotherapy Ex vivo Mobilization of Immune Cells63
- 2.14.8Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation64
- 2.14.9Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation65
- 2.14.10Complications of Stem Cell Transplants in Cancer66
- 2.14.11Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant for Leukemia67
- 2.14.12MSC Transplantation in Cancer67
- 2.14.13hESC-derived NK Cells for Treatment of Cancer Long-term Results of HSC Transplantation67
- 2.15The Human Immune System68
- 2.16Cell Therapy Commercialization70
- 2.1Components of the Hematopoietic System that can be Leveraged for Cancer Cellular Therapy11
- 3.Current Status of Cellular Therapies for Cancer71
- 3.1Introduction to the Cancer Vaccine Space73
- 3.1.1Tumor Cell Vaccines73
- 3.1.2Antigen Vaccines74
- 3.1.3DC Vaccines74
- 3.1.3.1Dendritic/Tumor Cell Fusion75
- 3.1.3.2Limitations of DC Vaccines for Cancer75
- 3.1.3.3The Future of Cell Therapy with DCs76
- 3.1.4Anti-Idiotype Vaccines76
- 3.1.5Vector-based Vaccines77
- 3.1.6Heat Shock Protein-based Vaccines77
- 3.1.7Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccines78
- 3.1.8Lymphocyte-based Cancer Therapies79
- 3.1.8.1Adoptive Immunotherapy79
- 3.1.8.2Rescue of CD8+ T Cells for Use in Tumor Immunotherapy79
- 3.1.8.3Expansion of Antigen-specific CTLs80
- 3.1.8.4Genetically Targeted T Cells for Treating B Cell Malignancies80
- 3.1.8.5LAK Cell Therapy81
- 3.1.8.6Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) Therapy81
- 3.2Vaccines in Development81
- 3.2.1GVAX Immunotherapies (Cell Genesys)81
- 3.2.2Oncophage (Antigenics)81
- 3.2.3Provenge (P-11) (Dendreon)82
- 3.2.4Sipuleucel-T (Dendreon)82
- 3.2.5DCVax® (Northwest Biotherapeutics)82
- 3.2.6Stimuvax® (EMD Pharmaceuticals)82
- 3.2.7JuvImmune™ (Juvaris BioTherapeutics)83
- 3.2.8Allovectin-7® (Vical)83
- 3.2.9BiovaxID (Biovest)83
- 3.2.10BLP25 Liposome Vaccine (Merck & Co.)84
- 3.2.11Cervarix (GlaxoSmithKline)84
- 3.2.12Collidem® DC Vaccine (IDM Pharma)84
- 3.2.13EP-2101 Lung Cancer Vaccine (IDM Pharma)84
- 3.2.14FavId (Favrille)85
- 3.3Clinical Trials Pipeline for Various Types of Cellular Therapy for Cancer90
- 3.4Cancer Therapy Based on Natural Killer Cells177
- 3.5Cancer Stem Cells178
- 3.6ESC Vaccine for Prevention of Lung Cancer179
- 3.7Cell-based Therapies for Malignant Brain Tumors179
- 3.7.1DC Therapy for Brain Tumors179
- 3.7.2Targeting Stem Cells in Brain Tumors179
- 3.7.3Conclusions180
- 3.8Vaccine for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma180
- 3.8.1Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma180
- 3.8.2Monoclonal Antibody Treatment181
- 3.8.3Development of Patient-specific Vaccine for NHL181
- 3.8.4BiovaxID Active Immunotherapy182
- 3.8.5BiovaxID Treatment and Production Process182
- 3.8.6FavId183
- 3.8.7MyVax183
- 3.8.8Sector Competition183
- 3.9Bone Marrow Transplants184
- 3.10The Market Opportunity for the Use of Stem Cells in the Cancer Therapy Marketplace184
- 3.1Introduction to the Cancer Vaccine Space73
- 4.Tumor Antigens, Cancer Vaccines and Cellular Therapy187
- 4.1Scope of this Chapter187
- 4.2Tumor Antigens and Classes187
- 4.3Classes of Cancer Vaccines Based on Tumor Antigens188
- 4.3.1Antigen/Adjuvant Vaccines188
- 4.3.2Whole Cell Tumor Vaccines188
- 4.3.3DC Vaccines188
- 4.3.4Viral Vectors and DNA Vaccines188
- 4.3.5Idiotype Vaccines188
- 4.4Antigens that are Commonly Found in Cancer Vaccines under Investigation Today188
- 4.4.1Treatment Vaccines188
- 4.4.2Prevention Vaccines189
- 4.5Cancer Vaccines that have Reached Phase III Trials190
- 4.6Selected Companies in the Tumor Antigens and Vaccines Space with Novel Technology Platforms193
- 4.6.1Antigenics193
- 4.6.2AlphaVax193
- 4.6.3Argonex193
- 4.6.4Bavarian Nordic193
- 4.6.5Biomira193
- 4.6.6CancerVax Corp. (Micromet, Inc.)194
- 4.6.7Corixa (Acquired by GlaxoSmithKline)194
- 4.6.8CTL Immunotherapies194
- 4.6.9Dendreon194
- 4.6.10GenEra194
- 4.6.11GeneMax Pharmaceuticals194
- 4.6.12Genzyme Molecular Oncology194
- 4.6.13IDM195
- 5.Other Competing Antibody Technologies196
- 5.1Competition196
- 5.2Companies Developing Human Antibodies196
- 5.3Antibody Sequence Libraries196
- 5.4Recombinant DNA Sequences196
- 5.5Companies with Antibody Products in Clinical Trials197
- 5.6Immunoconjugates197
- 5.7Protein Products197
- 6.The Future of Cell Therapy Against Cancer198
- 6.1Innovations in Cell-based Therapy of Cancer198
- 6.1.1Cancer Therapy-based on NK-92 Cells198
- 6.1.2Myoblast-mediated Gene Therapy198
- 6.1.3Cancer Stem Cells199
- 6.1.4MSCs for the Treatment of Gliomas199
- 6.1Innovations in Cell-based Therapy of Cancer198
- 7.Government Regulation of Cell Therapy Products201
- 7.1Pharmaceutical Product Regulation201
- 7.1.1Preclinical Phase201
- 7.1.2Biologics202
- 7.1.3Clinical Phase202
- 7.2New Drug Application (NDA) or Biologics License Application (BLA)203
- 7.3Fast-Track Review203
- 7.4Post-Approval Phase204
- 7.5Hatch-Waxman Act205
- 7.6Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs)205
- 7.7505(b)(2) Applications205
- 7.8Patent Term Restoration205
- 7.9ANDA and 505(b)(2) Applicant Challenges to Patents and Generic Exclusivity206
- 7.10Non-Patent Marketing Exclusivities206
- 7.11Orphan Drug Designation and Exclusivity207
- 7.12Cell Debris Therapy Ban207
- 7.1Pharmaceutical Product Regulation201
- 8.Companies involved in Cancer Cell Therapy208
- 8.1Companies Involved in Cell-based Cancer Therapy208
- 9.Company Profiles211
- 9.1Accentia Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.211
- 9.2Antigenics, Inc.211
- 9.3Biomira, Inc.216
- 9.4Biovest International, Inc.220
- 9.5Cell Genesys, Inc.221
- 9.6Dendreon Corp.229
- 9.7EMD Serono (Parent Company is Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)233
- 9.8Favrille, Inc.235
- 9.9Genitope Corporation239
- 9.10Genzyme Molecular Oncology242
- 9.11GlaxoSmithKline242
- 9.12IDM Pharma, Inc.243
- 9.13Juvaris BioTherapeutics, Inc.247
- 9.14Medarex, Inc.251
- 9.15Merck & Co., Inc.252
- 9.16Micromet, Inc.252
- 9.17Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc.255
- 9.18Titan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.259
- 9.19Vical, Inc.263
- 9.20Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.264
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